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Plants
Conium maculatum
EOL Text
Comments: Conium maculatum "commonly occurs in sizable stands of dense, rank growth along roadsides, field margins, ditchbanks and in low-lying waste areas. It also invades native plant communities in riparian woodlands and open flood plains of rivers and streams in southern California" (Goeden and Ricker 1982) and other regions in the state. It is common on shady or moist ground below 5000 feet, especially in cismontane California.
This notorious plant (hemlock) was famously used to kill Socrates. All part of the plants are poisonous (containing toxic alkaloids, C8H17N), but can be used medicinally to relieve pain and reputedly as a cancer cure.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Quelle | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015502 |
Forest margins, cultivated field margins. Xinjiang [native to the Mediterranean region, widely naturalized in the N temperate zone].
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Quelle | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200015502 |
Comments: Although having the common name 'poison hemlock', this plant is a member of the parsley family (Apiaceae or Umbelliferae) and not a conifer, as are the true hemlocks (Tsuga).
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | NatureServe |
Quelle | http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?searchName=Conium+maculatum |
The nectar of the flowers attracts a wide variety of flies, beetles, sawflies, and wasps, including Ichneumonid and other parasitoid wasps. The caterpillars of the butterfly Papilio polyxenes asterias (Black Swallowtail) feed on the foliage, notwithstanding the extreme toxicity of the foliage. This toxicity is the result of the alkaloid coniine and other chemicals, which can be found in all parts of Poison Hemlock, including the seeds and roots. Mammalian herbivores won't touch the foliage because of its rank odor and extreme toxicity. Just a small portion of the ingested plant can be fatal to humans. Comments
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | Copyright © 2002-2014 by Dr. John Hilty |
Quelle | http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/weeds/plants/poison_hemlock.htm |
In Great Britain and/or Ireland:
Foodplant / parasite
Asteroma coelomycetous anamorph of Asteroma robergei parasitises live Conium maculatum
Remarks: Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
sclerotium of Botryotinia fuckeliana is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: winter-early spring
Foodplant / feeds on
adult of Chrysolina oricalcia feeds on pollen of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: (3-)5-6(-10)
Other: uncertain
Foodplant / saprobe
apothecium of Crocicreas cyathoideum var. cyathoideum is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 3-10
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Dendryphiella dematiaceous anamorph of Dendryphiella vinosa is saprobic on dead, fallen stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 5-9
Foodplant / saprobe
perithecium of Diaporthe arctii is saprobic on dead, blackened stem of Conium maculatum
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Discocistella grevillei is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 4-8
Foodplant / parasite
cleistothecium of Erysiphe heraclei parasitises live Conium maculatum
Foodplant / miner
larva of Euleia heraclei mines live leaf of Conium maculatum
Foodplant / sap sucker
Hyadaphis passrinii sucks sap of live Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: summer
Other: major host/prey
Foodplant / saprobe
sessile apothecium of Lasiobelonium mollissimum is saprobic on dead, standing stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 4-7
Foodplant / saprobe
irregularly gregarious, subepidermal pycnidium of Phomopsis coelomycetous anamorph of Phomopsis conii is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 11
Foodplant / miner
larva of Phytomyza conii mines leaf of Conium maculatum
Other: sole host/prey
Foodplant / parasite
hypophyllous colony of sporangium of Plasmopara crustosa parasitises live leaf of Conium maculatum
Foodplant / saprobe
effuse colony of Pleurophragmium dematiaceous anamorph of Pleurophragmium parvisporum is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 1-12
Foodplant / parasite
telium of Puccinia conii parasitises live Conium maculatum
Foodplant / spot causer
amphigenous, in small scattered groups colony of Ramularia hyphomycetous anamorph of Ramularia heraclei causes spots on live leaf of Conium maculatum
Foodplant / saprobe
colony of Stachybotrys dematiaceous anamorph of Stachybotrys dichroa is saprobic on dead stem of Conium maculatum
Remarks: season: 4-9
Fl. Per. June to August.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | eFloras.org Copyright © Missouri Botanical Garden |
Quelle | http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=200015502 |
Conium maculatum is a widely distributed cosmopolitan species native to Asia, Europe and North Africa; the species has been broadly introduced as an alien species throughout North America and other world regions. This perennial herb is typically found on poorly drained soils, particularly in riparian zones, ditches, and other surface water. It also appears at road verges, perimeters of cultivated fields and waste areas.
Known by the common name Poison hemlock, the species contains coniine, a powerful neurotoxin that can be lethal to humans and all classes of livestock.
This member of the carrot family can reach a height of three meters. The stem is generally purple-spotted or streaked; the widely ovate leaves are typically 2-pinnate and are 15 to 30 centimeters in length.
Inflorescences are much-branched.
License | http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ |
Rights holder/Author | C. Michael Hogan, C. Michael Hogan |
Quelle | No source database. |
Life Cycle: In California, "poison hemlock reproduces only from seed, both as a biennial and winter annual, and occasionally as a short-lived perennial" (Goeden and Ricker 1982).
"Seeds germinate in autumn and plants develop rapidly throughout the winter and spring. Some produce flowering stems in the first spring and die in the summer. Others remain in the vegetative stage without producing flowering stems until the second spring, thus becoming a biennial. Plants are more likely to be biennial in very moist situations. After producing seeds, the plants die in the summer ... The spread of hemlock is by seeds which can adhere to farm machinery, vehicles, agricultural produce, mud and clothing as well as being carried by water and to a limited extent wind" (Parsons 1973).
"Hemlock is capable of rapid establishment after autumn rains, particularly on disturbed sites or where little vegetation exists at the start of the autumn growing season. Once it is firmly established under such conditions, hemlock can preclude most other vegetation and established pastures" (Parsons 1973).
maculatum: spotted, blotched